Newton's Laws of Motion

Newton's Laws of Motion

There was this fellow in England named Sir Isaac Newton. A little bit stuffy, bad hair, but quite an intelligent guy. He worked on developingcalculus and physics at the same time. During his work, he came up with the three basic ideas that are applied to the physics of most motion (NOTmodern physics). The ideas have been tested and verified so many times over the years, that scientists now call them Newton's Three Laws of Motion. 

First Law

The first law says that an object at resttends to stay at rest, and an object inmotion tends to stay in motion, with the same direction and speed. Motion (or lack of motion) cannot change without an unbalanced force acting. If nothing is happening to you, and nothing does happen, you will never go anywhere. If you're going in a specific direction, unless something happens to you, you will always go in that direction. Forever. 

Light

Light

When we're very young, we have a very simple idea about light: the world is either light or dark and we can change from one to the other just by flicking a switch on the wall. But we soon learn that light is more complex than this.

Light arrives on our planet after a speedy trip from the Sun, 149 million km (93 million miles away). Light travels at 186,000 miles (300,000 km) per second, so the light you're seeing now was still tucked away in the Sun about eight minutes ago. Put it another way, light takes roughly twice as long to get from the Sun to Earth as it does to make a cup of coffee!

• Light is a kind of energy

But why does light make this journey at all? As you probably know, the Sun is a nuclear fireball spewing energy in all directions. The light that we see it simply the one part of the energy that the Sun makes that our eyes can detect. When light travels between two places (from the Sun to the Earth or from a flashlight to the sidewalk in front of you on a dark night), energy makes a journey between those two points. The energy travels in the form of waves (similar to the waves on the sea but about 100 million times smaller)—a vibrating pattern of electricity and magnetism that we call electromagnetic energy. If our eyes could see electricity and magnetism, we might see each ray of light as a wave of electricity vibrating in one direction and a wave of magnetism vibrating at right angles to it. These two waves would travel in step and at the speed of light.

Atoms

Atoms

• Atoms are building blocks. If you want to create a language, you'll need an alphabet. If you want to build molecules, you will need atoms of differentelements. Elements are the alphabet in the language of molecules. Each element is a little bit different from the rest. 

periodic table

periodic table

periodic table

PHYSICAL SCIENCE

States of Matter

physical science

• state of matter is one of the distinct forms that matter takes on. Four states of matter are observable in everyday life: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. However, other states are known to exist in extreme situations (e.g., low or high pressures and temperatures).

Gases

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 volcano

 

A volcano is a hole in Earth's surface through which magma (called lava when it reaches Earth's surface), hot gases, ash, and rock fragments escape from deep inside the planet. The word volcano also is used to describe the cone of erupted material (lava and ash) that builds up around the opening.